10 Argumentative Essay Topics on Confucianism

10 Argumentative Essay Topics on Confucianism On the off chance that you are composing a contentious paper on Confucianism, at that point you should guarantee that every contention or guarantee you make is upheld with proof. This is best done by having realities, stories, or insights to support you. Obviously, given the unpredictability of the subject, much of the time have proof as stories or accounts from the lessons of the ace or history books about him and Confucianism are adequate. That being stated, beneath is a rundown of fascinating realities on Confucianism that you can use for your next composition: Confucianism is a way of thinking that was birthed in China. This way of thinking centers around improving and consummating humankind through educating, just as the development of ideals and good flawlessness. Judaism is the parent religion of Christianity and is the official confidence of the Jewish individuals. Judaism can be followed back over 3,000 years and is one of the most seasoned monotheistic religions on the planet. Like Islam, Judaism addresses each part of a person’s life, contingent upon their kind of Judaism-transformed, conventional, or traditionalist. Confucianism has old roots to China, however has been shared across Vietnam, Japan, and Korea who were each vigorously impacted by Chinese culture. The belief system was utilized by numerous domains to legitimize their standard all through regions of Eastern Asia. Obviously, the term is additionally one applied to the thought of regard for seniors or to the act of revering predecessors. The individuals who study the old tests for Confucianism are called â€Å"ru†. The ace of Confucianism was Confucius himself, whose name was really Kong. Kong had numerous discussions with his devotees and included a few maxims through discussions which were united to help bolster direction for the supporters of Confucianism. The content that joins the adages from Kong depict him as a guide just as a benefactor for those more youthful guys who needed to serve the legislature. These men were commonly situated in the province of Lu, from somewhere in the range of 510 and 479 B.C. It is said that the inquiries these youthful guys had and the appropriate responses they got were what drove the idea of the learning in Confucianism. Truth be told, it was simply the ace who expressed that he basically cherished learning and that he transmitted intelligence to others from an earlier time. He additionally expressed that he gained from his understudies in a constant learning process. This learning procedure was viewed as profound, handy, and scholarly. Inside the possibility of Confucianism, learning is a basic advance toward knowing. Furthermore, when you know, you can do. What's more, when you can do, you can appreciate otherworldly satisfaction, something which is really the pith of learning. This is the thing that made the consistent procedure of getting the hang of, something which was intended to be an option in contrast to the debasement of influence and riches. The pupils of Confucius, after his demise, endeavored to keep up his learning gauges. The ideas of Confucianism bolstered the North China Plains warriors. It was expressed that the universe of the spirits and the universe of men are two unique universes, yet common mediation and correspondence between the two universes was conceivable through prophets or shamans. Warriors of this time needed to utilize conciliatory rituals known as li so as to assuage the spirits and to keep them from meddling the undertakings of the men. Preceding Confucius, soothsaying was utilized as a sign of the development for the spirits. The thoughts and information transmitted by Confucius were written in Zhou writings. The thoughts of Confucianism stayed in Lu until Mencius during 371 to 289 B.C. A change to the decision class occurred when the various states were at war with each other, and with the outskirts changing, induction occurring, and direct tax collection being executed, researchers were welcomed from around the known regions of the world to help build up the states. During this season of talk is when Mencius got the lessons of the early Confucianism customs and obligations. It was during this notice timespan that the path among paradise and earth were examined. Truth be told, it was Mencius who expressed that one degree of paradise was for lords and rulers while the other was for honorable men. In 221, the Qin victory was finished and another political move occurred under the Han supreme guideline. The title of head happened to utilize and the ruler was currently observed as an explainer of the universe and the yin and yang. It was asserted that every region of the universe resounded with the progressions that occurred in the others. Little atmosphere, creation, or regulatory arrangements identified with greater procedures. The writings of Confucianism were concentrated during this time so as to improve the present comprehension of the paradise, the earth, and human researchers. It was Dong Zhongshu who has given acknowledgment for resuscitating the Confucianism writings as of now. This period is presently alluded to as â€Å"Han Confucianism†. Five Classics were created dependent on understandings of Confucianism. These five works of art were known as the â€Å"new texts† and they supplanted the â€Å"old texts† of Confucianism. This variant of Confucianism spread from China to Korea and Japan. This model resounded well with numerous families in the two regions yet division didn't happen among the supreme states until the eleventh century during which time the Western researchers see socio-scholarly patterns emerge among the East Asian adherents, something that prompted the advancement of Neo-Confucianism. Nativists favored the ethical discovering that was educated in Confucianism and the formation of woodblock printing took into consideration bigger private foundations to create around different convictions, for example, Buddhism and Daoism. It was Zhu Xi who is credited with uniting the patterns of the timeframe in his works. He concentrated on the new development of cosmology and Confucianism. He additionally investigated the move toward the examination of all things, or the extraordinary discovering that everybody used to collect self-development just as world harmony. It was in 1868 that the Japanese heads put into impact a national state religion and requested unwaveringness of the Chinese and Korean subjects regarding Confucianism. Conservatives attempted to consolidate current social request and instruction with Confucianism for the Qing Empire. These realities will be your life float during composing your task. In any case, that’s not everything we can propose: glance through example points on Confucianism and a composing guide on a pugnacious exposition; they will be incredible partners for your paper composing. References: Cline, Erin M. Equity And Confucianism. Philosophy Compassâ 9.3 (2014): 165-175. Web. Confucius., et al. The Wisdom Of Confucius. New York: Modern Library, 1994. Print. Foust, Mathew A. Confucianism And American Pragmatism. Philosophy Compassâ 10.6 (2015): 369-378. Web. Goldin, Paul Rakita. Confucianism. Durham: Acumen, 2011. Print. Hoobler, Thomas, and Dorothy Hoobler. Confucianism. New York: Facts on File, 1993. Print. Tan, Sor-hoon. Majority rules system In Confucianism. Philosophy Compassâ 7.5 (2012): 293-303. Web. í™ ©Ã¬â€ž ±Ãª ·Å",. The Review Of Integration Possibility About Confucious And Mozis Feature Of Justice And Benefit.â journalofmoralethicseducationâ null.33 (2011): 183-204. Web.

Why Curation is Essential for Your Content Strategy

By: Coleen Ryan, Account Manager Is content curation a piece of your present substance showcasing strategy?If not, you might be passing up an amazing strategy that can assist you with remaining in front of the substance bend. Making enough unique substance to keep up a new and significant feed is a colossal challenge.But curating content is an incredible method to include some important decent variety for your crowd, manufacture your own substance thoughts and build up your image as an idea head in your industry. Curated Content versus Collected Content Content curation is getting progressively basic with around 33% of all advertisers sharing industry news, sites or other data assets day by day. A portion of this day by day sharing, in any case, is bound to be characterized as accumulated substance, which isthird-party content that’s shared with no alters or included remarks. Then again, curated content includes including your very own touch interesting article pizazz. You may feature significant focuses or include your own remarks before you share the content.No matter how you decide to editorialize it, curated substance can keep your company’s web based life takes care of from getting stale and set your image apart. Why Curate Content? Among most advertisers, thought administration is the greatest draw for content curation. Notwithstanding, there are a few other convincing motivations to add this training to your advertising technique: It spares assets: At the point when your time and assets are restricted, content curation can help keep a consistent progression of material getting through your social feeds notwithstanding helping guide your unique substance methodology. It can help your SEO: In the event that you can situate yourself as a main wellspring of data in your industry and get more individuals moving to your page, that can be a major SEO support. Sharing recordings and infographics will assist you with getting the best SEO benefits with one investigation showing that posts containing recordings pull in up to multiple times the quantity of inbound connections as content just posts. Furthermore, sharing substance may get you some commitment from the first banner. It fills in the holes: On the off chance that you need to remain obvious and fabricate solid associations with your interpersonal organizations, it’s imperative to post frequently.Unless you’re delivering a few unique posts a day, there can be bothersome holes in your calendar. Curated content helps fill these holes and keep your perceivability high. Best Practices Content curation can be amazing, yet it possibly works on the off chance that you do it well.Keeping a couple of best practices as a primary concern will assist you with getting your own curation endeavors right: Keep up a solid parity: There’s no clear proportion of curated-to-unique substance that will work for each brand. To include another layer of unpredictability, diverse social channels will have their own ideal recurrence. Preferably, you ought to have however much unique substance as could be expected and afterward fill in the holes with curated pieces. Post on a predictable premise: There are shifting assessments on how regularly a brand ought to post content, yet specialists will in general concur that consistency is key.Don’t overpower your following with a flood of substance one day and afterward vanish from the web based life scene for days.Spread out your substance over hours and even days (there are a lot of apparatuses to assist you with planning posts).Not just will this keep up a consistent progression of substance to keep your audience’s consideration, however it will likewise assist you with getting the attention of clients that are online at various occasions. Be critical: Not all substance is worth sharing.Don’t fall into the snare of naturally sharing posts and tweets from explicit sources.Take an opportunity to understand articles and select just those that are genuinely important and sagacious. Make certain to actuality check your curated content as cautiously as you would a unique piece. Motivate commitment: Curated substance can go about as a breathtaking friendly exchange between your image and its following.When you share content, toss in a remark regarding why the piece was important or fascinating, or include an assessment the item.Many brands like to attach an inquiry that gets their crowd thinking and commenting.Content that incites conversation is bound to be shared, which will expand your introduction and lift your following. Takeaway: While content curation is a viable device to help build up yourself as a confided in hotspot for data, it’s just one bit of the puzzle.You additionally should make your own top notch substance to pull in more perusers and exhibit your innovation †nothing can replace your own new, unique substance. Be that as it may, content curation can, and should, assume a key job in about each business’s advertising blend.

How to Develop Strong Business Acumen

How to Develop Strong Business Acumen Every business needs leaders at all levels who are able to hold the different strings together and make decisions for the benefit of the whole organisation. These people are often referred as having strong business acumen.But what is business acumen about and how can you develop it? © Shutterstock | G7 StockIn this guide, we’ll explore business acumen and the benefits of developing it. We’ll also provide tips on how to start developing strong business acumen to advance your career and enhance your ability to lead.WHAT IS BUSINESS ACUMEN?Before you can begin developing strong business acumen, you must first properly understand what it means. According to the Financial Times, business acumen is the “keenness and speed in understanding and deciding on a business situation”.It is essentially the thought process, which you need for understanding the key factors behind issues related to a particular business action and the ability to comprehend the consequences of particular actions. It’s the ability to pick the right reactions and actions in complex situations, as well as the understanding of how different parts of a business relate to each other.Furthermore, business acumen is related to understanding how businesses operate. A person with strong business acumen would be able to understand and explain things like:How does the business make money? What is a person’s individual contribution and role in this? What are the different elements that make a certain action work or not work?Perhaps most importantly, business acumen isn’t an innate ability. It is something most people learn through formal training in leadership and by enhancing your awareness of what are the key skills required for better management and leadership.To truly comprehend the issues, it’s a good idea to examine the skills that people with business acumen have. A person with good business acumen will:Be able to obtain essential information.Be able to focus on the key objectives.Be able to recognize the options available for solving problems.Be able to select the right approach to overcome those obstacles.Be able to set in motion the plan that gets things done.What this essentially means is that people with business acumen can create larger frameworks and use th em for the benefit of the business. They are able to see the big picture and use the finer details to their advantage in the event of problems. If you like sports, then you could compare a person with business acumen to the quarterback on the field in American football.When you are developing your business acumen, you therefore must focus on improving your analytical capabilities, enhance your logical thinking and remain disciplined in the face of tasks.Check the below introductory clip to business acumen: THE BENEFITS OF STRONG BUSINESS ACUMENThe above might sound interesting, but you might be wondering if business acumen is something you should focus on in your own career. The short answer is ‘yes’, as you can benefit from better business acumen whether you are an entrepreneur, a CEO or a team manager.Strong business acumen will, of course, help you advance your career further. Any major leadership role often requires the ability to see the ‘big picture’ â€" without it, yo u can’t lead the troops to victory. You must be able to relate smaller elements together and hold all the different strings together.It’s also beneficial for entrepreneurs because it boosts your ability to start a business. If you examine the key abilities of a person with business acumen, you are essentially describing the building blocks of developing a good business plan. Additionally, as a start-up entrepreneur won’t have helping hands everywhere at the start of the business, but you must be able to know about product development, marketing, accounting and so on. You need an overall sense of running a business to make it work; in short, you need business acumen.But the benefits aren’t just for improving your career or for people launching their own business. A business will benefit from having a workforce with business acumen. This is due to the following reasons:People with business acumen can be more efficient in their work, as they notice the connections within the wo rkplace and the way different contributions affect the different elements.You’ll also be able to understand the different trade-offs of actions, which can help make better and more logical decisions.Business acumen can help provide a more co-ordinated and logical responses to problems and threats the business might have. Because it teaches quick thinking, you aren’t panicked in the face of difficulties.[slideshare id=37653240doc=businessacumenslideshare2014-07-30-140804145657-phpapp02w=640h=330]DEVELOPING STRONG BUSINESS ACUMEN THROUGH FOUR KEY ELEMENTSWhen it comes to developing strong business acumen, you need to focus on four distinct elements.Better understanding of your thought processImprovement in your business knowledgeDevelopment of your management style and gaining better understanding of different stylesEnhancing your overall management and leadership skillsWe’ll examine these below and provide tips on how you can improve your skills in all four areas.#1 Better unde rstanding of your thought processBetter understanding of your thought processes is key for enhancing business acumen, as it is centered so heavily on the thinking and analyzing. If you are able to understand the frameworks in which businesses operate and the different directions different decisions take, you are better at judging different steps and actions.Improving your understanding of your own decision-making process can boost the understanding of these complex frameworks and how they relate to each other. The more you understand about your personality and ability to make decisions, the better you will become in using your strengths to your advantage.How to improve your thought processes and your understanding of them?First, you need to examine your own personality and thinking patterns. You should do personality tests, such as Myers Briggs and DiSC, and evaluate how you approach problem solving. For example, are you the type of person who likes to take a moment to think up a so lution or do you get head on solving the problem with a trial and error method?Once you are able to comprehend what type of person you are in the face of problems, you can use the strengths to your benefit and ensure the weaknesses don’t ruin your thinking.Furthermore, even in the business environment, you want to start asking more questions to get a broader picture of the business. It doesn’t matter if you are the sales person or the accountant; widening your understanding of the business will help.You essentially want to improve your knowledge on why things are done the way they are. If there’s a problem in your department, how is it dealt with? Don’t take anything you see or the decisions that are made around you for granted. Question, examine and study, and start thinking about your own solutions.Focus your efforts on the three critical dimensions of managerial thought process:The context, scope and details of the specific situation. You need to be able to outline these each time you are faced with a situation and to know which parts are important going forward.The complexity of the situation. You should also be able to see the current and future complexities and their role in causing confusion.The ability to improvise. Things don’t always go according to plan and business acumen means you are able to respond to unanticipated developments without problems.Interested in learning how business acumen is used in strategy?[slideshare id=41624288doc=businessacumenforstrategy-141116141419-conversion-gate02w=640h=330]#2 Improve your business knowledgeFor strong business acumen, a wider understanding of the different aspects in business is crucial. It’s not only about knowing how the specific organization operates, but also knowing more about the industry as a whole and business in general. Without a wider knowledge on these topics, you can’t come up with comprehensive solutions and strategies.In terms of enhancing you the focus should be on a few iss ues:The layers of competing tensions within the different stakeholders in a business. Every business has these tensions, whether it’s between customers and investors or between the different customer groups.The business strategies, which offer competitive advantage not just in terms of creating profits or attracting customers, but also for obtaining talent and better product development.The importance of talent acquisition to a business. A person with strong business acumen will know success is largely based on talent and the ability to adjust as talent requirements change within the industry and business.How to improve your business knowledge?What are the tools and resources you should use in order to stay on top of the above points? You must utilize a few key personal development strategies.First, you need to start reading more. You should delve into numerous business blogs, obtain good books about business and focus on following online discussion on relevant topics on social me dia. When finding the blogs and books, focus on the industry you are operating, the world of business in general and personal development related topics, such as leadership and management.Below is a selection of resources you definitely want to add to your regular reading list:Business InsiderEntrepreneurCleverism (us of course :-))You should also consider enrolling in courses. You can find adult classes on your chosen topics by using keywords like “adult course in [topic] in [your location]” in Google. Furthermore, don’t forget about online courses. The edX website has plenty of free business-focused courses, as well as personal development courses to enhance your knowledge.You naturally can also learn more about the different aspects of a business without external courses. If you are working in an organization, ask your manager for the option to cross-train. The ability to experience different departments and roles will be helpful for future understanding of how the business operates. When you are learning about new things, use the concepts and ideas in real life situations. Think in terms of the organization you are working for and how implementation of the new ideas would work.Thinking about these abstract concepts or strategies through real examples and existing business structures can deepen your understanding of them. If you come across concepts and ideas, you do not quite understand, make notes and conduct research later when you have time. Find the experts in the subject and don’t be afraid to ask questions from your colleagues.For instance, if you don’t understand the concepts in finance, you can check with your organizations finance department for tips on how to explore the topic further.#3 Develop your management style and understanding of different stylesBusiness acumen also requires a good grasp of management processes and styles. These are essentially the tools, ideas and procedures, which provide the structure and framework for the ma nagement and the organization as a whole. The different styles and processes can boost business acumen by guaranteeing a more logical and consistent approach for different issues.The idea is to enhance the understanding of the different approaches you can take in order to solve a business problem. It’s about the ability to understand processes that are behind sound management decisions and using the existing framework as a guide to improving decision-making and the overall business acumen.How to improve your understanding of the management styles and processes?The management processes refer to things like strategic planning, performance measurement systems and the styles of management approaches such as autocratic and permissive.You should start your venture into these topics by reading more on the topics. Great guides for management processes and styles can be found in blogs such as:Leaders In HeelsManagement BlogLeading with PurposeWhen you are examining the different processes try to think about the pros and cons in terms of your current organization. You should also think what type of organizations might be best suited for these types of processes and styles. Eventually you should start understanding which style is the most natural to you. You’ll identify the resources and approaches you like to use as a manager, which will start enhancing your business acumen.You should also consider reading interesting historical takes on management and leadership. Books such as The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli and The Art of War by Sun Tzu are interesting accounts of what strategies a successful leader should use.[slideshare id=8138750doc=managementstyles-110528195146-phpapp02w=640h=330]#4 Enhance your management and leadership skillsFinally, you can develop business acumen by focusing on improving people skills. Business success doesn’t just rely on the understanding of how a business works and what are the connections of different elements within the business, it also relies on the ability to lead the people. Implementation of the right strategies is reliant on the kind of employees you are leading.Appropriate people skills ensure you don’t harm the efficiency of the organization. Bad management has been shown to decrease productivity and increase employee dissatisfaction â€" strong business acumen requires the ability to empathize and understand different behaviors.How to improve your leadership and management skills?The best way to start exploring the topic is through books and blogs. You want to consider reading books like:The Effective Executive by Peter F. DruckerDon’t Bring It to Work by Sylvia LafairThe 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership by John C. MaxwellIn terms of blogs, you should definitely follow some of the most successful leaders and their blogs.Michael HyattJohn MaxwellSkip PrichardWayne DyerDan RockwellFurthermore, you should look at the business world, whether it’s your chosen industry or something completely differ ent, and identify the people whose leadership style you like. Follow them on social media, read their blogs and books, and learn what are the most important elements of a good business leader to them.Don’t be afraid to talk to your own managers and ask about their approach. You can learn more by comparing and analyzing different approaches rather than just narrowly focus on a specific leadership skill.Overall, you want to create a mentoring network around you. The network will be crucial for teaching you about different ways of looking at things and it will support you as you venture deeper into leadership and management. The plethora of ideas and strategies around you will strengthen your business acumen, since your awareness will enhance.Remember the mentoring network can be a collection of people with varying backgrounds and statuses in the business world. You should forge strong relationships with co-workers, managers, friends and other prominent business people.IN CONCLUSIONA person with strong business acumen will be able to make sound judgments and create business strategies, which lead to better business success. As the above has shown business acumen isn’t something easily acquired, but it can be taught and strengthened.The key to acquiring strong business acumen is about learning and experience. You want to know as much about the specific organization, but also the business world in general. You need solid people skills to ensure you don’t implement strategies purely on a financial basis, for example, but also consider the impact employees have on future operations.Developing strong business acumen will take time and the learning never stops. It’s therefore crucial to try to ensure you are using the above strategies weekly. Schedule your development and learning sessions and embrace the world of business with an inquisitive mind.

How to Use the French Word Se Rendre Compte

The French word  se rendre compte, pronounced,  ra(n) dr(eu) ko(n)t, means to realize or be aware. Examples Je ne me suis pas rendu compte quil allait arriver ce soir: I didnt realize that he was going to arrive this eveningTu teRends compte de la situation?: Are you aware of the situation?Et il la fait, tu te rends compte!: And he did it, can you imagine!Related: rendre - to give back, return

Descartes Doubt And Crime - 1317 Words

Descartes Re-visited Doubt and Crime Kirsten Besheer, in â€Å"Descartes’ Doubts: Physiology and the First Meditation,† makes the caution that â€Å"many commentators dismiss the First Meditation with a scant summary usually involving key words like ‘dreams’ and ‘doubt.’ This being the case, I am not surprised that the rest of the Meditations have remained opaque to them†(55). What Besheer is warning against, specifically, is an uncritical examination of Descartes. For, as the years continue to distant the present from Descartes’ past, modern science and research are continually making that past seem increasingly archaic. The obvious errors and fallacies in Descartes’ ideas on the human mind and the functioning of the brain tend to overshadow the†¦show more content†¦The first move of this essay will be to situate Descartes. Besheer will be helpful in this, because she highlights the specific section where Descartes brings together bot h memory and reason. Descartes, cited through Besheer, writes: â€Å"Even if I have no power to avoid error in the first way just mentioned, which requires a clear perception of everything I have to deliberate on, I can avoid error in the second way, which depends merely on my remembering to withhold judgement on any occasion when the truth of the matter is not clear. Admittedly, I am aware of a certain weakness in me, in that I am unable to keep my attention fixed on one and the same item of knowledge at all times; but by attentive and repeated meditation I am nevertheless able to make myself remember it as often as the need arises, and thus get into the habit of avoiding error.† Within this quote there come together the main threads of Descartes importance, in relation to unconscious influence and crime: memory, that is, being conscious of past error allows one to lesson future error; and reason, knowing that you err, you can meditate upon the situation and correct that possible error. 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Logistics Pharmaceutical Challenges in South Africa Free Essays

Logistics challenges facing pharmaceutical industries in South Africa Introduction South Africa is the most developed country in Africa and reflected from it being selected to host the 2010 soccer world cup it has resulted in an economic boost for the country. The largest service providers in South Africa are listed: * DHL * Schenker * K? hne Nagel * Expeditor * Hellmann Safcor Panalpina * Micor * Megafreight * R? hlig Grindrod Trade challenges South Africa exports their goods mostly to Germany, Great Britain, Netherlands, Japan and the Unites states of America, and the imports list of South Africa is largely Germany as the top importing nation of South Africa then following is China, United States of America, Japan and Saudi Arabia. Transport infrastructure in African countries including South Africa is in poor conditions which causes ships in the harbours – which have insufficient infrastructure – to have to wait for a number f days before they can unload their goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Logistics Pharmaceutical Challenges in South Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now International nations who manufacture pharmaceutical goods for South Africa endure difficulties as they reach their capacity limits wasting a lot of time and slowing the supply chain. There are various challenges in South Africa and highlighted are challenges such as desert regions in the country, the high mountain ranges and rain forests in South Africa serve as challenges in the logistics supply and value chain of the country Pharmaceutical industries in perspective of complex networks in terms of manufacturers of pharmaceuticals, dispensers and distributors are rated as relatively well-developed and sufficient change has taken place from the challenges faced by the country. Challenges in the logistics perspective Importing goods into South Africa is made challenging because of the poor conditions the roads are that travelling is done on and another challenge is the South African ports and suppliers in terms of the distances between the two in various destinations northerly making it difficult to both drivers and transport equipment to reach their destination timely and effectively. Low standard facilities is what many of the countries border posts have and services offered are not done efficiently by officials because they do not possess the necessary skills required. With perspective of logistics fees the challenge of eliminating perversities in the calculation of logistics fees and according to PIASA the logistics fee issue remains unresolved as well as the dispensing fee on medicine. The low level/shortage of human resources is an additional concern within the pharmaceutical industry, Changes in the ordering patterns causes delivery windows to shorten. â€Å"Express logistics has always been indispensible in eliminating waste of time, money and products in the chain. † (M, Latif. Finished products and distribution manager – BE-Tabs) Therefore pharmaceutical companies need special handling and general cargo being segregated. Another challenge faced by the logistics perspective of the pharmaceutical industry is the uncertainty about the economy’s future pricing regulations which causes wholesalers to hold stock being increasingly reluctant, opting for less valued choices as well as for more frequent shipments, and in order to maintain efficiency and gather up resources to facilitate the peak of credit terms being extended means both manufacturer and service provider have to work closely together. In most pharmaceutical companies such as BE-Tabs the supply chain is kept functional to cater and meet the availability of final goods and affordability of those goods to meet expectations of the government and end-users. According to the pharmaceutical industry’s logistics it is a challenge to be overcome at all times to keep the cold chain intact for the many sensitive products in the supply chain, and just as important to maintain a viable and accurate information chain within the supply chain. How to cite Logistics Pharmaceutical Challenges in South Africa, Papers Logistics Pharmaceutical Challenges in South Africa Free Essays Logistics challenges facing pharmaceutical industries in South Africa Introduction South Africa is the most developed country in Africa and reflected from it being selected to host the 2010 soccer world cup it has resulted in an economic boost for the country. The largest service providers in South Africa are listed: * DHL * Schenker * K? hne Nagel * Expeditor * Hellmann Safcor Panalpina * Micor * Megafreight * R? hlig Grindrod Trade challenges South Africa exports their goods mostly to Germany, Great Britain, Netherlands, Japan and the Unites states of America, and the imports list of South Africa is largely Germany as the top importing nation of South Africa then following is China, United States of America, Japan and Saudi Arabia. Transport infrastructure in African countries including South Africa is in poor conditions which causes ships in the harbours – which have insufficient infrastructure – to have to wait for a number f days before they can unload their goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Logistics Pharmaceutical Challenges in South Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now International nations who manufacture pharmaceutical goods for South Africa endure difficulties as they reach their capacity limits wasting a lot of time and slowing the supply chain. There are various challenges in South Africa and highlighted are challenges such as desert regions in the country, the high mountain ranges and rain forests in South Africa serve as challenges in the logistics supply and value chain of the country Pharmaceutical industries in perspective of complex networks in terms of manufacturers of pharmaceuticals, dispensers and distributors are rated as relatively well-developed and sufficient change has taken place from the challenges faced by the country. Challenges in the logistics perspective Importing goods into South Africa is made challenging because of the poor conditions the roads are that travelling is done on and another challenge is the South African ports and suppliers in terms of the distances between the two in various destinations northerly making it difficult to both drivers and transport equipment to reach their destination timely and effectively. Low standard facilities is what many of the countries border posts have and services offered are not done efficiently by officials because they do not possess the necessary skills required. With perspective of logistics fees the challenge of eliminating perversities in the calculation of logistics fees and according to PIASA the logistics fee issue remains unresolved as well as the dispensing fee on medicine. The low level/shortage of human resources is an additional concern within the pharmaceutical industry, Changes in the ordering patterns causes delivery windows to shorten. â€Å"Express logistics has always been indispensible in eliminating waste of time, money and products in the chain. † (M, Latif. Finished products and distribution manager – BE-Tabs) Therefore pharmaceutical companies need special handling and general cargo being segregated. Another challenge faced by the logistics perspective of the pharmaceutical industry is the uncertainty about the economy’s future pricing regulations which causes wholesalers to hold stock being increasingly reluctant, opting for less valued choices as well as for more frequent shipments, and in order to maintain efficiency and gather up resources to facilitate the peak of credit terms being extended means both manufacturer and service provider have to work closely together. In most pharmaceutical companies such as BE-Tabs the supply chain is kept functional to cater and meet the availability of final goods and affordability of those goods to meet expectations of the government and end-users. According to the pharmaceutical industry’s logistics it is a challenge to be overcome at all times to keep the cold chain intact for the many sensitive products in the supply chain, and just as important to maintain a viable and accurate information chain within the supply chain. How to cite Logistics Pharmaceutical Challenges in South Africa, Essay examples

The Behavioral Model Essay Example

The Behavioral Model Paper Current discourse into human development and learning seeks to motivate teachers, health and social care workers to develop their own theories of learning, and to evaluate such theories within the classroom using an evidence-based approach (Bigge, Morris, Shermis, 1998). This paper aims to encourage education facilitators across disciplines to draw on learning theories to enhance their understanding of students/participants, and to foster an experimental attitude toward modifying delivery methods to optimize the learning experience of teenagers. It is clear that the discipline of psychology is essential to further the understanding of developmental, learning and teaching processes. Firstly, a critical review of the two major developmental learning theories will be presented, these being the behavioral model and the social construction model. Secondly, a proposed research design for a substance abuse prevention workshop for teenagers will be presented, with reference to the theories critiqued. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesize the main points of this paper and demonstrate the viability of using a social construction model to approach learning interventions for teenagers. Review of Developmental Learning Theories The Behavioral Model Bigge and Shermis (1998) identify the two major learning theories of relevance to current education as being the behaviorist and the cognitivist schools of thought. The behaviorists focus on observable behavior and reduced the learning experience to a process of stimulus and response. This psychology approach to learning was adopted in the USA during the early 1900s, when science and technology were experiencing a time of accelerated growth. We will write a custom essay sample on The Behavioral Model specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Behavioral Model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Behavioral Model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hence, the concept of studying measurable, objective, human behaviors aligned with current values of a modernized society embracing standardized production methods. For the extreme behaviorist, all human behavior can be understood through the processes of conditioning, these being classical and operant in form. Skinner (1938) pointed out that a positive, negative or neutral consequence following a behavior influenced whether a particular behavior was repeated in the future, or if it was not. So, a person learns new behaviors, or is able to modify existing behaviors, as a function of environmental events that either reward or punish that behavior. In this way, Skinner’s learning theory is a move away from the traditional behaviorist approach of stimulus and response, as he differentiated between types of responses. When a response was elicited by a known stimulus is considered to be associated with the known stimulus. Alternatively, responses that do not require a specific stimulus, which he termed operants, are independent of the stimulus. Skinner emphasized that it was the operant response that could be strengthened or weakened by use of personal, social or environmental rewards or punishments respectively. Skinner’s principles advocated the idea that learning could be ‘programmed,’ which fit with the 1960s initial explorations into computer aided instruction. All that was required was for the student to practice, and to be provided with the ideal reinforcement (i. e. , reward or punishment). Students were perceived to learn through processes of rote memorization and amount of practice. Education has been greatly influenced by Skinner’s principles of reinforcement in terms of being better able to regulate student behaviors and learning achievements (Bigge et al. , 1998). Information is reduced by the teacher into smaller components, and organized by the teacher into a format believed that the student would understand and could systematically build on. The information is presented in a logical and sequential way, as an ‘instruction’ which step-by-step aims to shape the behavior of students to a predetermined outcome. His principles also contributed to the concept behavioral objectives in lesson plans and standardization of exams. Hence, achievement outcomes were evaluated by way of the student providing the correct response (i. e. , answer) to a prompt (i. e. , exam paper question). However, Skinner’s theory ignored the contributions of cognitions, with mental activity being considered a ‘black box’ devoid of meaning in that the activity could not be objectively observed and so reliably measured. Additionally, his behavioral approach did not seek understand why a student learnt in the way that they did, or acted out behaviors that they did. Skinner has been criticized for placing too much emphasis on the prediction and control of behavior (Bigge et al, 1998). Especially given that from his viewpoint that control comes from external sources, and not from within the individual. Skinner’s learning theory also highlights the behaviorist approach to the concept of reality, in that it is considered to be ‘absolute’ and so perceived in the same way by everyone, universally. In this way, Skinner’s theory was paternalistic and so negative in the sense that one person could set themselves up as ‘more knowing’ than another. Social Construction Model Alternatively, the cognitive approaches of challenged the concept of behavioral theory that it was the environment that determined a person’s behavior (Buner, 1983). Cognitive learning theorists advocated that a person actively participates in the acquisition of new knowledge. Additionally, cognitivists highlighted that not all learning is observable, such as with mental representations within the mind of a person, and the processes of memory and thinking, which could be measured by way of interviews or surveys of people, as well as observations of external behaviors. The cognitive approach pointed to the learning development of children, wherein they do not just respond to their environment, but actively engage in making sense of the world and their experiences within it, and using their own guesswork as to how the world is structured and functions (Bigge et al, 1998). Many behaviorists ignored initial cognitive theories because they focused on the subjective and mental processes of individuals, which, at the time, could not be observed or measured by way of controlled experiments. The early cognitive theorists such as Piaget (1952) and Vygotsky (1962) were the forerunners of constructivist theory. Constructivist learning theory maintains that a person actively engages in the learning process. As such, the individual constructs their understanding of the world, and the meanings that they ascribe to their experiences. Further, this construction of reality occurs by way of a person reflecting on their personal experiences within the world. It is assumed that the physical world can never be known directly, rather that each person constructs their own interpretation of it. Hence, there is no absolute reality, and each person’s understanding of the world is relative to their biopsychosocial experiences. It is the social interactions, and environmental engagements, that on a daily basis contribute to how each person constructs their interpretation of reality. Importantly, constructed knowledge need not correspond to an external reality in order for the knowledge to be useful, because knowledge is useful when it ‘fits the needs of the learner (Bigge et al, 1998). Thus, knowledge is subjective, according to the experiences and interpretations of each person. Bruner’s (1983) cognitive-interactionist approach to learning, the student is expected to actively interact with their learning environment, including their social environment. Bruner’s approach here encourages the teacher and learner to be exploratory, experimental, and investigative as well as reflective in their acquirement of knowledge. The learner takes a reflective approach by first identifying the current problem, forms a hypothesis as to the optimal course of action to solve the problem, and then examines the implications of the chosen solution. The learner then tests their hypothesis, and draws conclusions as to whether the solution answers the problem as required. Bruner’s approach endorses the student’s efforts to go beyond the provided information, and to manipulate current knowledge to fit with new tasks and novel situations. The cognitive-interactionist approach encourages the student to develop a critical thinking style that draws on past experiences and stored knowledge to solve problems that may not have been encountered before, or to see old problems in a new and creative way. Integrating Theory Analysis with Substance Abuse Prevention Research Design With reference to the critique of the theories provided a proposed research design for a substance abuse prevention program for young people has been developed. Particularly, drawing on the constructivist approach, it is suggested that participants be viewed as purposeful beings which are capable of making situational choices. This will empower the participants sense of autonomy and independence and foster their self-belief, self-concept and self-confidence to make responsible choices with regards to their well being and quality of life. Using a pre-post survey design with a three-hour preventative workshop as the intervention it is believed that this study would enable participants to have opportunities to actively construct and represent knowledge. In this manner, new knowledge would become more concrete for the participant. This approach would suit teenagers aged 12-16 as interactive activities, such as hands-on practical application of new understandings, as well as incorporation of classroom discussions, encouragement of experiments and open-ended classroom objectives are some of the ways in which they could express their own opinions and growing sense of independence (Kail Cavenaugh, 2004) and would align with their cognitive stage (concrete operational; Piaget, 1952). Unlike younger age groups, teenagers would be better able to conceptualize concepts that would be presented on a survey (e. g. , I understand how peer pressure can influence the decisions I make). Also, they would be able to actively engage with substance abuse prevention material at a higher level due to their cognitive ability to reasons logically, to make inferences, and to create and test hypotheses (Piaget, 1952; Kail Cavneaugh, 2004. Compared to an older age group, young people would be less likely to be motivated by large amounts of text-based materials, peer-reviewed studies, and issues that are not relevant to their lives (e. g. , work stressors and relationships to substance abuse) (Kail Cavenaugh, 2004). A group workshop is highly suited to teens as their identity is constructed by way of the opinions of those they consider to be significant in their lives (Boyd, 2006; Kail Cavenaugh, 2004). In this case it would be their peers, as at this developmental stage young people draw away from their parents as confidents, and turn instead to their cohorts for opinions about some of lifes issues. The distinct advantage of this method of learning is that the participants are not required to just memorizes a set of facts and strategies, as meaning making is seen as understanding the ‘whole picture’, as well as the elements that comprise the picture. Hence, the teen becomes a seeker of meaning. This in turn reflects an important feature of the teenage years, where a search for the meaning of life has usually begun, as they seek to understand themselves, the world, and their place in it (Jessor, Colby, m Shweber, 1996; Kail Cavenaugh, 2004). Further, the student comes to understand that as knowledge is constructed they have the ability to construct their own interpretations of the world, and this parallels the cognitive abilities present at this stage of development. An open-ended learning format encourages the learner to appreciate that there is more than one right answer to a question, and that each possible solution has both strengths and weaknesses that are relative to the problem at hand. The use of a questionnaire pre and post to the workshop will allow for a standardized measurement of learning experiences (Howell, 2000). Within the workshop intervention there will be opportunities for formative feedback of learning in the form of group discussion and reflective practices. Formative feedback will provide a qualitative assessment at more of an individual level, although dominant themes during discussions and reflection will be recorded for thematic analysis to provide evidence-based data (Shank, 2002). However, to draw evidence-based conclusions at the quantitative level it will be necessary to gather numerical data to better understand the effects of the intervention for the group as a whole (Howell, 2000). The systematic method of a pre-post design is suited to teenagers as they are able to accommodate and assimilate cognitive information and to reflect on their past experiences to draw conclusions. It is anticipated that this design can best show conceptual change (if it does occur) among teenagers with regard to a substance abuse prevention program. Conclusion The two dominant developmental learning theories are the behavioral model and the social construction model. Whilst the behavioral model has traditionally been the mainstay of education systems, 21st century understandings of the essential input of socio-cultural factors has been growing in popularity. The social construction model suits teenagers as they are at a developmental stage where they are questioning themselves and the world around them in their search for identity and meaning. They are also able to conceptualize, hypothesize and reason logically, and so are ideally suited to the active engagement, discussion and reflective activities that such a model could provide during intervention. References Bigge, Morris L. and Shermis, Samuel S. Learning Theories for Teachers, 6th ed. (1998) Allyn Bacon. Boyd, D. (2006). Identity production in a networked culture: Why youth Heart MySpace. Presentation for the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2006, St Loise, USA. Retrieved April 18, 2007, from http://www. danah. org/papers/AAAS2006. html Bruner, J. S. (1983). In Search of Mind. New York: Harper and Row. Jessor, C. , Colby, A. , Shweber, R. A. (1996). Ethnography and Human Development: Context and meaning in social inquiry. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. Howell, D. C. (2000). Statistical Methods for Psychology, 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. Kail, R. V. Cavanaugh, J. C. (2004). Life-Span Development. New York: Thomson Wadsworth. Levine, M. (2006). All kinds of minds. Retrieved June 6, 2006, from the All Kinds of Minds website http://www. allkindsofminds. org/index. aspx Piaget, J. P. (1952). The Origins of Intelligence in Children. International Universities Press, New York. Schein, E. (1990). Organizational culture. American Psychologist, 45 (2): 109-119. Skinner, B. F. (1938). The Behavior of Organisms: An experimental analysis. New York: Appleton-Century, 1938. Shank, G. D. (2002). Qualitative Research: A personal skills approach. Columbus: Merrill/Prentice Hall. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.